Text rendering With LaTeX¶
Matplotlib has the option to use LaTeX to manage all text layout. This option is available with the following backends:
- Agg
- PS
The LaTeX option is activated by setting text.usetex : True in your rc settings. Text handling with matplotlib’s LaTeX support is slower than matplotlib’s very capable mathtext, but is more flexible, since different LaTeX packages (font packages, math packages, etc.) can be used. The results can be striking, especially when you take care to use the same fonts in your figures as in the main document.
Matplotlib’s LaTeX support requires a working LaTeX installation, dvipng (which may be included with your LaTeX installation), and Ghostscript (GPL Ghostscript 8.60 or later is recommended). The executables for these external dependencies must all be located on your PATH.
There are a couple of options to mention, which can be changed using rc settings. Here is an example matplotlibrc file:
font.family : serif
font.serif : Times, Palatino, New Century Schoolbook, Bookman, Computer Modern Roman
font.sans-serif : Helvetica, Avant Garde, Computer Modern Sans serif
font.cursive : Zapf Chancery
font.monospace : Courier, Computer Modern Typewriter
text.usetex : true
The first valid font in each family is the one that will be loaded. If the fonts are not specified, the Computer Modern fonts are used by default. All of the other fonts are Adobe fonts. Times and Palatino each have their own accompanying math fonts, while the other Adobe serif fonts make use of the Computer Modern math fonts. See the PSNFSS documentation for more details.
To use LaTeX and select Helvetica as the default font, without editing matplotlibrc use:
from matplotlib import rc
rc('font',**{'family':'sans-serif','sans-serif':['Helvetica']})
## for Palatino and other serif fonts use:
#rc('font',**{'family':'serif','serif':['Palatino']})
rc('text', usetex=True)
Here is the standard example, tex_demo.py:
Note that display math mode ($$ e=mc^2 $$) is not supported, but adding the command \displaystyle, as in tex_demo.py, will produce the same results.
ノート
Certain characters require special escaping in TeX, such as:
# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } \( \) \[ \]
Therefore, these characters will behave differently depending on the rcParam text.usetex flag.
usetex with unicode¶
It is also possible to use unicode strings with the LaTeX text manager, here is an example taken from tex_unicode_demo.py:
Postscript options¶
In order to produce encapsulated postscript files that can be embedded in a new LaTeX document, the default behavior of matplotlib is to distill the output, which removes some postscript operators used by LaTeX that are illegal in an eps file. This step produces results which may be unacceptable to some users, because the text is coarsely rasterized and converted to bitmaps, which are not scalable like standard postscript, and the text is not searchable. One workaround is to to set ps.distiller.res to a higher value (perhaps 6000) in your rc settings, which will produce larger files but may look better and scale reasonably. A better workaround, which requires Poppler or Xpdf, can be activated by changing the ps.usedistiller rc setting to xpdf. This alternative produces postscript without rasterizing text, so it scales properly, can be edited in Adobe Illustrator, and searched text in pdf documents.
Possible hangups¶
- On Windows, the PATH environment variable may need to be modified to include the directories containing the latex, dvipng and ghostscript executables. See Environment Variables and Setting environment variables in windows for details.
- Using MiKTeX with Computer Modern fonts, if you get odd *Agg and PNG results, go to MiKTeX/Options and update your format files
- The fonts look terrible on screen. You are probably running Mac OS, and there is some funny business with older versions of dvipng on the mac. Set text.dvipnghack : True in your matplotlibrc file.
- On Ubuntu and Gentoo, the base texlive install does not ship with the type1cm package. You may need to install some of the extra packages to get all the goodies that come bundled with other latex distributions.
- Some progress has been made so matplotlib uses the dvi files directly for text layout. This allows latex to be used for text layout with the pdf and svg backends, as well as the *Agg and PS backends. In the future, a latex installation may be the only external dependency.
Troubleshooting¶
- Try deleting your .matplotlib/tex.cache directory. If you don’t know where to find .matplotlib, see .matplotlib directory location.
- Make sure LaTeX, dvipng and ghostscript are each working and on your PATH.
- Make sure what you are trying to do is possible in a LaTeX document, that your LaTeX syntax is valid and that you are using raw strings if necessary to avoid unintended escape sequences.
- Most problems reported on the mailing list have been cleared up by upgrading Ghostscript. If possible, please try upgrading to the latest release before reporting problems to the list.
- The text.latex.preamble rc setting is not officially supported. This option provides lots of flexibility, and lots of ways to cause problems. Please disable this option before reporting problems to the mailing list.
- If you still need help, please see Getting help